Journal: Neurology International

Article Title: Pain and the Brain: A Systematic Review of Methods, EEG Biomarkers, Limitations, and Future Directions

doi: 10.3390/neurolint17040046

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of participants, study equipment, and stimulation methods.

Article Snippet: Beck B et al. (2019) [ ] , Healthy Right–handed Non–Sensitive Dark Skin Male and Female Age: 19–37 [57 participants] , ActiveTwo system (Biosemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) 64 channels , 2 sessions EEG recording for each block [1024 Hz] , 5 electrode Electrooculogram (artifact removal) Skin Temperature Measurement , CO 2 laser (LSD, SIFEC, Ferrières, Belgium): wavelength (10.6 μm), spot size (6 mm diameter), 100 ms Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK): DS5 isolated bipolar current stimulator, square wave pulse, 10 ms. Recorded using Labview 2012 (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) , N/A or not mentioned in study.

Techniques: Sampling, Blocking Assay, Isolation, Biomarker Discovery, Injection, Software, Control, Activity Assay, Western Blot, Inhibition, Tomography

Journal: Neurology International

Article Title: Pain and the Brain: A Systematic Review of Methods, EEG Biomarkers, Limitations, and Future Directions

doi: 10.3390/neurolint17040046

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of study features, methods, findings, and limitations.

Article Snippet: Beck B et al. (2019) [ ] , Healthy Right–handed Non–Sensitive Dark Skin Male and Female Age: 19–37 [57 participants] , ActiveTwo system (Biosemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) 64 channels , 2 sessions EEG recording for each block [1024 Hz] , 5 electrode Electrooculogram (artifact removal) Skin Temperature Measurement , CO 2 laser (LSD, SIFEC, Ferrières, Belgium): wavelength (10.6 μm), spot size (6 mm diameter), 100 ms Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK): DS5 isolated bipolar current stimulator, square wave pulse, 10 ms. Recorded using Labview 2012 (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) , N/A or not mentioned in study.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Transformation Assay, Control, Injection, Mann-Whitney U-Test, Comparison, Plasmid Preparation, Biomarker Discovery, Functional Assay, Activation Assay, Imaging, Inhibition, Derivative Assay, Sampling, Medications, Selection, Standard Deviation

Journal: Neurology International

Article Title: Pain and the Brain: A Systematic Review of Methods, EEG Biomarkers, Limitations, and Future Directions

doi: 10.3390/neurolint17040046

Figure Lengend Snippet: A visual summary of the different methods used to induce pain states experimentally: a CO 2 laser is used as a heat stimulus, but similar effects can be achieved through the CHEPS. The participant’s hand is submerged in ice water for the CPT method. Intra-epidermal electrical stimulation consists of needles that penetrate the skin to deliver electrical stimuli. Mechanical stimulation often consists of using a weighted pinprick or a probe to apply pressure to the skin. Nerve growth factor is used to increase pain sensitivity around the area of injection by decreasing pain thresholds. This is why it may be paired with one of the other mentioned techniques.

Article Snippet: Beck B et al. (2019) [ ] , Healthy Right–handed Non–Sensitive Dark Skin Male and Female Age: 19–37 [57 participants] , ActiveTwo system (Biosemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) 64 channels , 2 sessions EEG recording for each block [1024 Hz] , 5 electrode Electrooculogram (artifact removal) Skin Temperature Measurement , CO 2 laser (LSD, SIFEC, Ferrières, Belgium): wavelength (10.6 μm), spot size (6 mm diameter), 100 ms Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK): DS5 isolated bipolar current stimulator, square wave pulse, 10 ms. Recorded using Labview 2012 (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) , N/A or not mentioned in study.

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Vector‐Free Deep Tissue Targeting of DNA/RNA Therapeutics via Single Capacitive Discharge Conductivity‐Clamped Gene Electrotransfer

doi: 10.1002/advs.202406545

Figure Lengend Snippet: Single exponential decay CC‐GET enables field focused, titratable gene expression. a) Reference image of HEK293 cells expressing nuclear localized mCherry fluorescence 3 days following CC‐GET using a conventional 10 × 100 µs constant current (50 mA) pulse train delivered via a Digitimer DS5 stimulator (CMVp‐mCHERRYnls pDNA (2 µg µL) in 7.5% sucrose + 0.225% NaCl, pH 7.4), compared with single exponential decay CC‐GET with varying decay constants ( τ ), generated by D‐A control of an analog stimulator (DS5, Digitimer), driving the CC‐GET probe. This demonstrated titratable scaling of gene expression. The area of expression is a bioreporter for the suprathreshold electric field. b) Integrated pixel intensity in fluorescence arbitrary units (FAU) demonstrate that while the single 1 ms exponential decay pulse (3.504 ± 0.955 FAU) and the positive control using 10 × 100 µs pulses (4.009 ± 1.354 FAU) showed intermediate expression with no significant difference, the single “capacitor‐like” exponential decay with longer time constants significantly improves mCherry expression ( τ 4 ms, 8.356 ± 2.058; p = 0.022 FAU; τ 10 ms 8.165 ± 1.674; p = 0.017; compared with τ 400 µs (1.312 ± 0.468 FAU; n = 5 per group; Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance on ranks with Tukey post‐hoc test for multiple comparisons). Box plots reflect 25% and 75% quartiles, with data overlay. Dashed lines show mean values; solid lines show the median and error bars outline the 95 th percentile confidence intervals. c) In vivo comparison of luciferase reporter expression using SCD‐CC‐GET versus conventional CC‐GET pulse train in the hindlimbs of a mouse with repeated bioluminescence readout out to 524 days (luciferase plasmid CAGp‐fLuc;1 µg µL −1 in 10% sucrose delivered via a 2.2 µF capacitor charged to 120 V (SCD‐GET controller) driving the CC‐GET probe in the left hindlimb, compared with delivery of these pDNAs through the same CC‐GET probe, via a conventional 5 × 4 ms × 120 V square wave pulse train (Digitimer DS5 stimulator) in the opposite hindlimb muscle. Following i.p. luciferin injection, bioluminescence peak was measured (IVIS Spectrum CT imaging platform). d) Time course of repeated luciferase activity bioluminescence measurements in the hindlimbs of the mouse shown in c, at 1, 3, 7, 95, 145, 201, 263, 308, and 524 days; measured as photons per second per centimeter squared per steradian (p s −1 –cm 2 sr −1 ). e) Repeated luciferin – luciferase bioluminescence recording on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 51, 108, 170, 215, 300, and 431 following SCD‐CC‐GET of the CAGp‐fLuc pDNA (10 µg at 0.5 µg µL −1 ) with the tethered CC‐GET probe delivering a 120 V (red) or 250 V (blue) discharge from a 2.2 µF capacitor via the SCD‐GET controller in opposite legs (mean ± SEM; n = 3 per group; two‐way repeated measures ANOVA; p = 0.253); see Table (Supporting Information) for individual data.

Article Snippet: CC‐GET experiments used pulse trains (current‐regulated) and single exponential decay current pulses (after patent application [ ] ), generated via an isolated stimulator (DS5 Digitimer) using custom‐built waveform control and monitoring interface.

Techniques: Gene Expression, Expressing, Fluorescence, Generated, Control, Positive Control, In Vivo, Comparison, Luciferase, Plasmid Preparation, Injection, Imaging, Activity Assay